PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM DEWAN DIREKSI TERKAIT BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE TERHADAP PENGAMBILAN KEBIJAKAN PERSEROAN TERBATAS

Abstrak

Dalam kepengurusan Perseroan Terbatas, Direksi memegang peranan penting dalam mengambil keputusan strategis yang menentukan arah kebijakan perusahaan. Namun, dalam praktik bisnis, keputusan tersebut tidak selalu menghasilkan keuntungan sebagaimana direncanakan, dan bahkan berujung pada kerugian bagi perseroan. Kondisi ini seringkali menimbulkan persoalan hukum, dimana direksi dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban, meskipun keputusan tersebut diambil dalam kapasitasnya sebagai pengurus perusahaan. Prinsip Business Judgement Rule lahir sebagai bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap direksi agar tidak serta-merta dipersalahkan atas risiko bisnis, selama keputusan yang diambil dilakukan dengan iktikad baik, berdasarkan informasi yang memadai, tanpa konflik kepentingan, dan dalam batas kewenangannya. Rumusan masalah yaitu Bagaimana Perlindungan Hukum Dewan Direksi terkait Business Judgement Rule terhadap pengambilan kebijakan Perseroan Terbatas dan Bagaimana Prosedur Penerapan Business Judgement Rule terhadap pengambilan kebijakan Perseroan Terbatas oleh Dewan Direksi. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut peneliti menggunakan teori Perlindungan Hukum menurut Satjipto Rahardjo dan Teori Organ Perseroan menurut Rochmat Soemitro. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian hukum dengan studi kepustakaan berdasarkan sumber bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Adapun pendekatan penelitian yang diguunakan adalah Pendekatan Perundang-undangan, Pendekatan Konseptual, Pendekatan Analitis serta Pendekatan Kasus. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi dan menginventarisasi aturan hukum positif, literatur buku, jurnal dan sumber bahan hukum lainnya. Untuk teknik analisa bahan hukum dilakukan dengan penafsiran gramatikal, penafsiran Sistematis, Kontruksi Analogi dan konstruksi penghalusan hukum. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa prinsip Business Judgement Rule dapat memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada direksi atas keputusan bisnis yang menimbulkan kerugian, sepanjang keputusan tersebut diambil dengan iktikad baik, berdasarkan pertimbangan yang rasional, serta tanpa adanya konflik kepentingan atau pelanggaran hukum. Akan tetapi, perlindungan tersebut bersifat terbatas dan bersyarat, sebab apabila terbukti bahwa direksi telah melanggar prosedur operasional, melakukan kelalaian berat, atau menyalahgunakan kewenangan, maka Business Judgement Rule tidak dapat dijadikan pembelaan. Bahwa direksi dapat bertanggung jawab bahkan setelah tidak lagi menjabat, apabila terbukti berkontribusi terhadap kerugian perusahaan, keberlakuan prinsip ini menuntut adanya pembuktian obyektif mengenai integritas dan profesionalitas direksi dalam setiap pengambilan keputusan bisnis. 

In the management of a Limited Liability Company (Perseroan Terbatas), the Board of Directors plays a vital role in making strategic decisions that determine the direction of the company’s policies. However, in business practice, such decisions do not always lead to the expected profits and may even result in losses for the company. This situation often gives rise to legal issues, wherein the directors may be held liable, even though the decisions were made in their capacity as company executives. The Business Judgment Rule principle emerged as a form of legal protection for directors so that they are not automatically blamed for business risks, provided that the decisions are made in good faith, based on adequate information, free of conflicts of interest, and within the scope of their authority. The research problems are How does legal protection for the Board of Directors relate to the Business Judgment Rule in corporate decision-making of a Limited Liability Company and What is the procedure for implementing the Business Judgment Rule in corporate decision-making by the Board of Directors of a Limited Liability Company. To answer these problems, the researcher uses the Legal Protection Theory by Satjipto Rahardjo and the Corporate Organ Theory by Rochmat Soemitro. The research method used in this study is a type of normative legal research, namely legal research with literature studies based on primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. The research approaches used are the Legislation Approach, Conceptual Approach, Analytical Approach and Case Approach. The technique of collecting legal materials is carried out by identifying and inventorying positive legal rules, book literature, journals and other sources of legal materials. For the legal material analysis technique, it is carried out with grammatical interpretation, Systematic interpretation, Analogy Construction and legal refinement construction. The research concludes that the Business Judgment Rule principle can provide legal protection to directors for business decisions that result in losses, as long as the decisions were made in good faith, based on rational considerations, and without any conflict of interest or legal violation. However, such protection is conditional and limited because if it is proven that the directors have violated operational procedures, committed gross negligence, or abused their authority, the Business Judgment Rule cannot be used as a defense. Directors may also be held accountable even after their term has ended if it is proven that they contributed to the company’s losses. The application of this principle requires objective proof of the directors’ integrity and professionalism in every business decision-making process.