REAKTUALISASI KAIDAH FIKIH DALAM TRANSAKSI KEUANGAN DIGITAL: ANALISIS ATAS PRINSIP AL-MASYAQQAH TAJLIBUT-TAYSIR, ADH-DHARAR YUZAL, DAN AL-ADAH MUHAKKAMAH PADA PRAKTIK FINTECH SYARIAH DI INDONESIA

Abstrak

Ledakan teknologi finansial (fintech) di Indonesia telah memicu transformasi besar dalam lanskap keuangan, sekaligus menghadirkan tantangan baru bagi konsistensi penerapan prinsip-prinsip fikih muamalah. Di tengah meningkatnya permintaan terhadap layanan keuangan digital yang efisien dan beretika, muncul kebutuhan mendesak untuk meninjau ulang relevansi dan fleksibilitas hukum Islam dalam merespons inovasi tersebut. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis reaktualisasi tiga kaidah fikih utama al-masyaqqah tajlibut-taysir (kesulitan mendatangkan kemudahan), adh-dharar yuzal (kemudaratan harus dihilangkan), dan al-‘adah muhakkamah (adat kebiasaan dapat dijadikan hukum) dalam konteks praktik fintech syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis deskriptif-analitis terhadap literatur fikih klasik. Kerangka teoritis penelitian bertumpu pada teori maqasid al-syariah yang menekankan tercapainya kemaslahatan, dan diperkuat oleh teori hukum ekonomi Islam kontemporer yang membuka ruang bagi ijtihad kontekstual terhadap perubahan zaman. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa reaktualisasi prinsip al-masyaqqah tajlibut-taysir terwujud melalui digitalisasi akad, tanda tangan elektronik, dan otomatisasi pembiayaan sebagai bentuk kemudahan (taysir) yang tetap menjaga substansi syariah. Prinsip adh-dharar yuzal berperan sebagai landasan perlindungan konsumen digital dan mitigasi risiko struktural, sedangkan al-‘adah muhakkamah melegitimasi praktik urf digital seperti e-payment dan virtual account sebagai kebiasaan sah dalam sistem ekonomi Islam modern. Sinergi ketiga kaidah ini membentuk fondasi etika syariah digital yang meneguhkan karakter Islam sebagai sistem hukum yang adaptif, berkeadilan, dan maslahat-oriented di era teknologi finansial.

The explosion of financial technology (fintech) in Indonesia has triggered a major transformation in the financial landscape, as well as presenting new challenges for the consistent application of muamalah fiqh principles. In the midst of increasing demand for efficient and ethical digital financial services, an urgent need arises to review the relevance and flexibility of Islamic law in responding to these innovations. This article aims to analyze the re-actualization of the three main fiqh rules of al-masyaqqah tajlibut-taysir (difficulty brings ease), adh-dharar yuzal (adversity must be eliminated), and al-'adah muhakkamah (customs can be made into law) in the context of sharia fintech practice in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytic analysis methods on classical jurisprudence literature. The theoretical framework of the research relies on the theory of maqasid al-syariah which emphasizes the achievement of benefit, and is strengthened by legal theorycontemporary Islamic economics which opens up space for contextual ijtihad towards changing times. The results of the study show that the re-actualization of the al-masyaqqah principle of tajlibut-taysir is realized through contract digitization, electronic signatures, and financing automation as a form of convenience (taysir) that still maintains the substance of sharia. The principle of adh-dharar yuzal acts as a basis for digital consumer protection and structural risk mitigation, while al-'adah muhakkamah legitimizes digital urf practices such as e-payment and virtual accounts as legitimate habits in the modern Islamic economic system. The synergy of these three rules forms the foundation of digital sharia ethics which confirms the character of Islam as an adaptive, just and benefit-oriented legal system in the era of financial technology.