EVALUASI SISTEM RANTAI DINGIN (COLD CHAIN) VAKSIN PADA PROGRAM IMUNISASI: LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstrak

Program imunisasi merupakan salah satu intervensi kesehatan masyarakat yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan angka kesakitan, kecacatan, dan kematian akibat penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi (PD3I). Keberhasilan program imunisasi tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh cakupan vaksinasi, tetapi juga oleh kualitas vaksin yang dipertahankan melalui sistem rantai dingin (cold chain). Sistem cold chain merupakan rangkaian penyimpanan, transportasi, dan distribusi vaksin dengan suhu tertentu sejak diproduksi hingga diberikan kepada sasaran imunisasi. Gangguan pada sistem rantai dingin dapat menyebabkan penurunan potensi vaksin sehingga efektivitas imunisasi menjadi berkurang. Tujuan literature review ini adalah mengevaluasi implementasi sistem cold chain vaksin dalam mendukung kebijakan akses produk medis/vaksin serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan menelaah artikel ilmiah nasional dan internasional yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2019–2025 melalui database Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan WHO. Artikel dipilih berdasarkan kesesuaian dengan topik evaluasi cold chain vaksin pada program imunisasi. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa implementasi sistem rantai dingin masih menghadapi berbagai permasalahan, antara lain keterbatasan infrastruktur, gangguan pemantauan suhu, variasi kompetensi petugas, serta belum optimalnya tata kelola logistik vaksin. Evaluasi juga menunjukkan bahwa penguatan tata kelola cold chain perlu dilakukan melalui penyediaan infrastruktur yang memenuhi standar, peningkatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia, digitalisasi sistem monitoring suhu, optimalisasi distribusi logistik, serta monitoring dan evaluasi menggunakan pendekatan Effective Vaccine Management (EVM). Implementasi strategi tersebut berpotensi meningkatkan mutu vaksin, mengurangi vaccine wastage, serta mendukung keberhasilan program imunisasi nasional.

Immunization programs are among the most effective public health interventions for reducing morbidity, disability, and mortality associated with vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). The success of immunization programs depends not only on vaccination coverage but also on vaccine quality, which is maintained through the cold chain system. The cold chain system encompasses the storage, transport, and distribution of vaccines at specific temperatures from the point of production to administration to the target population. Disruptions to the cold chain system can compromise vaccine potency, thereby reducing immunization effectiveness. This literature review aims to evaluate the implementation of vaccine cold chain systems in support of policies regarding access to medical products and vaccines, and to identify the factors influencing their success. The study employed a literature review methodology, analyzing national and international scientific articles published between 2019 and 2025 via databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the WHO. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic of vaccine cold chain evaluation within immunization programs. The synthesis of findings indicates that cold chain system implementation still faces various challenges, including infrastructure limitations, temperature monitoring issues, varying levels of staff competence, and suboptimal vaccine logistics management. The evaluation further suggests that strengthening cold chain management requires the provision of standards-compliant infrastructure, human resource capacity building, digitalization of temperature monitoring systems, optimization of logistics distribution, and monitoring and evaluation using the Effective Vaccine Management (EVM) approach. Implementing these strategies has the potential to enhance vaccine quality, reduce vaccine wastage, and support the success of national immunization programs.