REVIEW: POLIMER SINTESIS YANG DIGUNAKAN PADA SEDIAAN FARMASI REVIEW: SYNTHETIC POLYMERS USED IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Abstrak

Polimer sintesis memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan sediaan farmasi karena kemampuannya dalam memodifikasi sifat fisik, stabilitas, dan kinerja sediaan. Artikel review ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji jenis, fungsi, serta aplikasi polimer sintesis yang banyak digunakan dalam berbagai bentuk sediaan farmasi, khususnya sediaan semi-solid, padat, dan sistem penghantaran obat modern. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur terhadap jurnal nasional dan internasional yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2020–2025 melalui basis data seperti Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan ResearchGate. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa polimer sintesis seperti Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Karbopol, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), dan Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) merupakan polimer yang paling sering digunakan sebagai gelling agent, pengental, pembentuk film, pengikat tablet, dan pengontrol pelepasan obat. Pemilihan jenis dan konsentrasi polimer sangat memengaruhi parameter fisik sediaan, antara lain pH, viskositas, daya sebar, daya lekat, homogenitas, stabilitas, serta efektivitas pelepasan zat aktif. Berdasarkan hasil review, polimer sintesis terbukti mampu meningkatkan kualitas, keamanan, dan efektivitas sediaan farmasi berbasis bahan alam maupun bahan kimia, sehingga berpotensi besar dalam pengembangan sediaan farmasi yang stabil, efektif, dan berkelanjutan.

Synthetic polymers play an essential role in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to their ability to modify physical properties, stability, and product performance. This review article aims to discuss the types, functions, and applications of synthetic polymers commonly used in pharmaceutical preparations, particularly in semi-solid dosage forms, solid dosage forms, and modern drug delivery systems. The method used in this study was a literature review of national and international journals published between 2020 and 2025, obtained from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate. The results indicate that synthetic polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Carbopol, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are the most frequently used polymers as gelling agents, thickeners, film formers, tablet binders, and drug release modifiers. The selection of polymer type and concentration significantly affects the physical characteristics of pharmaceutical preparations, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, homogeneity, stability, and drug release behavior. Based on the reviewed studies, synthetic polymers have been proven to enhance the quality, safety, and effectiveness of pharmaceutical formulations, both those containing natural and synthetic active ingredients, and therefore hold strong potential for the development of stable, effective, and sustainable pharmaceutical products.